This post is going to be painfully long so I will begin with this disclaimer: it is for my own benefit. I have summarised the main arguments of Claire Smith’s talk on 1 Timothy 2 from the Different by Design Series. It is an excellent talk and very easy to listen to. I love good theology and Claire delivers it. The complementarian exegesis makes beautiful sense of this passage and the ideas and arguments identified by Claire are consistent throughout the Bible. I have not had this sense of satisfaction when considering the egalitarian arguments. Thinking about this has been a real brain stretcher for me over the last few months. Actually, I started mulling this over about a year ago now. I think I may have finally come to a decision and this summary of Claire’s talk will explain why.
Firstly, Claire begins with an interesting caveat that we should be aware of when approaching this passage:
Our culture influences our reading of the text and many of the difficulties that we find, might exist because of our culture and our personalities but not because of the text itself.
I think that many of us who struggle with this text really do need to first be willing to realign our thinking with Scripture rather than letting previously entrenched thoughts and ideas which are not necessarily biblical, influence us. It seems as though a person could just pick a side they prefer and then find the arguments to substantiate their choice. Honestly, a big part of me would love to believe that women should have care over their own congregations and preach to them, but these thoughts are not in line with Scripture. They’re just not. It doesn’t surprise me either because so much of the Christian life involves defying social and cultural norms. There is a part of me that wants to fight for this perception of total equality but by the grace of God I want the other part of me to win out – and that’s the side of me that accepts the teaching of the Bible and strives to bring my life and thinking in line with
it.
I do not think that the following verses add anything to the debate, I just wanted to share what Claire had to say about them in regards to the original translation because I thought it was really interesting.
V 3-6: This is good, and pleases God our Saviour, who wants all men to be saved and to come to a knowledge of the truth. For there is one God and one mediator between God and men, the man Christ Jesus, who gave himself as a ransom for all men – the testimony given in its proper time.
I’ve never been particularly miffed at ‘men’ being a blanket term for humankind, but I know it can be a sensitive issue. Claire explains the Greek terms that Paul uses in these verses and the passage as a whole and what seems at face value to be ‘sexist’ or exclusive language is actually inclusive if we consider the original text. Now in referring to men in verses 3-6, Paul uses the generic term
anthropos which is not at all gender specific but which in Greek denotes all of humanity. The use of this term serves to emphasise the commonalities between men and women: the predicament of sin and the need of a saviour. Interestingly, the man Christ Jesus is also referred to using the same generic term
anthropos instead of the gender specific title which consolidates the idea that he is a representative of all people, male and female. The use of
anthropos in this context therefore indicates rich, inclusive language. It is only when Paul begins to address the issue of how each gender should conduct themselves in worship that he reverts back to gender specific terms.
V 11-12: A woman should learn in quietness and full submission. I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent.
Again there are interesting instances of language here but this blog is going to be long enough as it is. What I will note here is Claire’s explanation of submission. Submission is a common Christian concept and is vital to the life of faith. But in this context what are women called to be submissive to? Basically, they were to be submissive to what was taught and who taught it. In the same way as a woman’s behaviour and dress are to display a quiet decorum (V9-10), their learning style is to be the same. It does not mean that women are to be subject to all men, but only to those who are given the authority to teach Scripture, while they are teaching. The attitude of submission was to be expressed in certain relationships, such as within the public worship context. Claire notes that various bible passages do encourage women to teach, namely Colossians 3:16 which calls men and women to teach and admonish one another. However, these examples are indicative of informal, private teaching and never refer to the public teaching of Scripture by women. Paul allows women to do one and not the other, obviously they were different in his mind. It is clear then that what happened on a one-to-one basis was very different to the public transmission of God’s word.
V 13-14: For Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner.
So the question is – why? Why are men only allowed to authoritatively preach the word of God at a public gathering? Paul answers this by appealing to Genesis. He gives us two reasons:
1)
Man was formed firstIt is in Genesis that God’s intentions for mankind are first made clear. He creates the world, He creates man and everything is good. However, God declares that man being alone is not good and so he makes woman. Both are given a divine mandate but have different responsibilities. Man is the firstborn; he has temporal priority and inherits the responsibilities that come with it. Woman is made later and comes to help him fulfil his role.
2)
It was not the man who was deceived but the woman, who then became a sinnerHere Paul has only repeated the story of Genesis 3, but he finds implications that we may not have expected. At the fall, Adam and Eve both sinned but they sinned in different ways. Instead of accepting the leadership of the man, Eve listened to the serpent, ate of the fruit and led him to do the same. The man sinned by abdicating his responsibility to lead, thereby following the woman and disobeying God. God has a clearly set out pattern for relationships between men and women to which the principles of leadership and submission are inherent and still relevant today. That Paul draws on creation to provide the rationale for men having the authority to teach means that this pattern transcends time and culture and thus the instructions given at Ephesus couldn’t have been just
ad hoc and particular to those circumstances only.
Therefore, basing his argument in creation, Paul’s instructions are that male leadership and female submission are to play out in church. Women are not to usurp the male authority provided but willingly accept the differences in responsibilities between men and women through their attitude to learning and not teaching or having authority over men. They are to be submissive. I wish this didn’t come across as such a dirty word because submission is the voluntary and willing acceptance of the leadership and responsibility of another. It doesn’t mean that one is oppressed, restricted, limited. Women are no lesser because of their call to submission, it simply means that their contribution to the church will be different. Unfortunately in the 21st century context that is rife with feminist ideals, it is the woman’s battle to be content with what the bible says, and follow the commands of a good and loving God who knows what is in our best interests.
V15: But women will be saved through childbearing – if they continue in faith, love and holiness with propriety.
Verse 15 brings to a close Paul’s argument in V11-14. Childbirth is referred to because it is a representative function for the differences between men and women. It is a shorthand way of speaking about the role of women. Therefore, Paul is encouraging women to be content with their role in relation to men. Again, bearing children is a function that is transcultural and further supports the view that Paul’s instructions here are relevant for the universal church. Now this is not suggesting that all women have to have children to be saved, they may be married, they may have children, they may not. Whatever the case may be, we are to be content with being women and accept the patterns for relationship between men and women that have been instituted by God.
I think I’ll leave it here for now. Claire briefly addresses some of the egalitarian arguments – such as the appeal to Galatians 3:28 and the potentially
ad hoc nature of the instructions and in my mind, she successfully dispels them. I’m happy to keep reading and thinking but at this point – I’m going to officially adopt complementarian theology as my own position. I do not believe that women should be allowed to preach to a mixed congregation. This is not because I believe women to be incapable or lesser. I am full of admiration and respect for the godly, gifted and fiercely intelligent women I know and have heard preach – Claire Smith being a stellar example. Further, let me say loud and clear that my adherence to complementarian theology does not mean that I am a doormat, nor do I feel as though I am being oppressed by the men of the church. My ultimate authority is the bible and I am submitting to God who revealed himself to me through it. He has given me the responsibility of teaching and training other women, the children I may have and of supporting a husband if He should provide one. I defy anyone to tell me that my role is lesser or incomplete because I cannot step into a pulpit. Submission is my lot and by the grace of God, I accept it.